JAMB Government 2010

B: executive is required to resign

A government in a parliamentary system depends on the confidence of the elected chamber. Defeat on a formal confidence vote requires resignation or the constitutional process for a new election, rather than continued ordinary government.

B: Congress

Congress is the national legislature of the United States. It consists of two chambers, the Senate and the House of Representatives, which participate in making federal laws.

D: Confederal

In a confederation the member states retain substantial sovereign authority and grant limited powers to the common body. The central authority is therefore weaker than in a typical federation.

A: supreme relative to the constitution

Fascist leadership claims place the leader above ordinary constitutional restraints. This authoritarian principle conflicts with government under law and institutional limits.

A: head of government

In the cabinet system, the head of government leads the executive with cabinet ministers. A ceremonial president or monarch is distinct from this day-to-day governing leadership.

A: presidential system

The presidential model assigns separate executive, legislative and judicial responsibilities. Parliamentary government more closely connects the executive and legislature.

A: primary election

A primary election chooses party nominees for public office. A general election then determines who will hold the office among the nominated candidates.

C: serves as an instrument of national integration

Supporters of a one-party system claim that a single national party can promote integration across divisions. This is a theoretical justification, not a guarantee of unity or justice.

C: referendum

A referendum records voters’ choices on a specified public question. Its result provides direct evidence of opinion on that issue, unlike rumour or informal negotiation.

A: implementing government policies

The civil service implements government policy through continuing professional administration. Its role is to serve the state impartially rather than campaign for the party in power.

D: Alaafin

The Alaafin was the ruler and political head of the Old Oyo Empire. The other titles refer to different offices or institutions within its political organization.

B: Oba Ovonramwen

Oba Ovonramwen of Benin was exiled to Calabar after the British expedition of 1897. The destination distinguishes his case from the other rulers listed.

C: wider political participation

A multi-party system can broaden participation by allowing different parties to organize and compete. Bicameralism concerns legislative chambers and is separate from the number of political parties.

A: Presidential system of government

A presidential system normally combines head-of-state and head-of-government functions in the president. Federal and unitary describe territorial organization rather than that executive arrangement.

C: perceived to abolish the federal system

Decree No. 34 was opposed for replacing federal arrangements with a more unified system. Critics regarded that change as threatening regional autonomy and the federal balance.

A: France's atomic test in the Sahara Desert

Nigeria broke diplomatic relations with France in 1961 in protest against French nuclear tests in the Sahara. The dispute concerned those tests rather than France's relations with Israel.

C: Yakubu Gowon

Nigeria helped establish ECOWAS in 1975 during Yakubu Gowon's administration. Gowon and Togo's Gnassingbe Eyadema played leading roles in developing the regional initiative.

C: supporting the liberation efforts in Southern Africa

Nigeria's support for Southern African liberation led to its description as a frontline state despite its distance from that region. The description referred to its anti-colonial and anti-apartheid commitment.

A: high commissioner

A High Commissioner heads a diplomatic mission between Commonwealth member states. An attaché has a specialized mission role, while a chargé d’affaires may head a mission temporarily.

C: 2 years

Non-permanent Security Council members are elected for two-year terms. Permanent members have a different status and do not occupy these rotating elected seats.

C: General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council

The General Assembly appoints the UN Secretary-General on the recommendation of the Security Council. Neither the Council acting alone nor the permanent members alone make the final appointment.

D: Authority of Heads of State and Government

The Authority of Heads of State and Government is ECOWAS's highest decision-making body and adopts the community's principal agreements. Domestic ratification by member states is a separate constitutional process.