JAMB Government 2007

C: respect for the sovereign equality of member states

Article 2 of the UN Charter establishes sovereign equality as a principle of membership. Each member is recognized as a sovereign state despite differences in size or wealth.

B: Lusaka

The African development initiative that became NEPAD was adopted at the OAU summit in Lusaka in 2001. It aimed to promote development, economic growth and poverty reduction.

C: preserving her independence and promoting development

Cooperation among developing countries can protect their autonomy and support development through shared positions and practical partnerships. Producing raw materials or consuming imports alone is not the broader strategic objective.

D: Major General Joseph Garba

Joseph Garba served as Nigerias Permanent Representative to the United Nations. A permanent representative heads the countrys diplomatic mission to the organization.

A: initiating a bill

A legislative proposal must first be initiated as a bill. Debate, hearings and other scrutiny occur after there is a proposal for the legislature to consider.

A: direct democracy

Ancient Athens provides the classic example of direct democracy, where eligible citizens participated personally in decisions. This did not include all residents and was not the system of every Greek city-state.

B: electoral commissions

Electoral commissions administer the official declaration of election results through authorized officers. Party chairmen do not independently make the official electoral return.

A: political culture

Political culture comprises shared traditions, values and beliefs concerning government and politics. Political socialization is the process by which people learn those orientations.

B: feudalism

In Marx’s historical account, capitalism develops after feudalism. Feudal relations centre on landed obligations, while capitalism centres on wage labour and privately owned capital.

D: conduct of external relations

Conducting external relations is primarily an executive responsibility. The legislature makes laws, represents citizens and scrutinizes government, including checks on some foreign-policy decisions.

A: obedience to the laws of the land

Citizens are expected to obey the law. Citizenship does not require joining a political party or remaining loyal to whichever party currently forms the government.

B: provide alternatives

A multi-party system gives voters a choice among different parties, candidates and programmes. Having several parties does not automatically eliminate corruption or electoral malpractice.

D: portfolio designates of the party in opposition

A shadow cabinet consists of opposition politicians assigned to scrutinize particular government departments. Its members develop alternatives and may take the corresponding ministerial roles if their party forms government.

B: promulgate and enforce bye-laws

Local councils make and enforce byelaws within powers granted by legislation. Edicts were associated with military state governments rather than the ordinary local-government law-making process.

A: republican

Many pre-colonial Igbo communities governed through assemblies, councils and consensus rather than a centralized hereditary monarch. Largely republican recognizes this general pattern while allowing for local exceptions.

B: Gombe and Zamfara

Gombe and Zamfara were among the six states created in 1996. The other pairs combine states created in different years, so they do not both meet the date in the question.

A: French policy of assimilation

French assimilation sought to spread French language, institutions and cultural norms among colonial subjects. This makes it the policy most directly associated with cultural assimilation in the options.

D: 1979 Constitution

Federal character was expressly incorporated into the 1979 Constitution. It sought broader representation and a sense of belonging across Nigeria's diverse communities.

A: privy council

During colonial rule, the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council in Britain served as the final appellate authority for Nigeria. The Supreme Court became the final court after the republican change.

A: Bureau of Public Enterprises

The Bureau of Public Enterprises implements the federal privatization programme as the secretariat of the National Council on Privatisation. Its implementation role differs from general executive policymaking.

A: Babangida regime

Nigeria introduced the Structural Adjustment Programme in 1986 under Ibrahim Babangida. It included economic restructuring and exchange-rate reforms rather than being introduced by the earlier Buhari government.

A: judiciary

The Ogboni institution exercised judicial functions in the traditional Yoruba political system, including adjudication and checks on authority. Its religious and political roles were not organized like a modern executive cabinet.

A: Humphrey Nwosu

Humphrey Nwosu chaired the National Electoral Commission that conducted the June 12, 1993 presidential election. The other names refer to different electoral leadership periods.

B: the removal of restrictions and extension of competition

Deregulation reduces or removes specified restrictions to allow greater competition and market activity. Privatization changes ownership, while commercialization changes how an enterprise operates.