JAMB Government 2001

B: judicial review

Judicial review allows courts to assess whether executive or legislative actions comply with the constitution. Unconstitutional action can be declared invalid under a system of constitutional supremacy.

C: politicians nominated by the government of member states

A confederation is formed by sovereign member states that send representatives to its common institutions. The central body consequently derives its membership and authority from those governments.

D: adherence to majority rule.

A parliamentary government depends on support or confidence in the legislature, where decisions follow majority rules. It does not require two chambers or strict separation of executive and legislature.

A: capitalist profit is the surplus value obtained from workers labour

Marx explains capitalist profit through surplus value: workers produce value beyond the value paid for their labour power. Owners appropriate that surplus through their ownership of productive assets.

C: serves as the fountain head of authority for the exercise of power

A constitution establishes the legal basis and limits of governmental authority. Public institutions derive their powers from this constitutional framework rather than simply from the wishes of individual officials.

D: checks and balances.

A presidential veto checks the legislature by withholding assent to a bill. The legislature may also have an override procedure, illustrating mutual checks between the branches.

C: proposal before the legislature

A bill is a legislative proposal presented for consideration. It becomes an enacted law only after completing the required legislative and assent procedures, so a proposal must be distinguished from the final law.

D: prevents the passage of ill-considered bills.

A second chamber provides additional scrutiny that can catch weaknesses in proposed laws. This can reduce ill-considered legislation, though it does not guarantee that every bill will be sound.

C: gerrymandering

Manipulating constituency boundaries to gain seats is specifically called gerrymandering. Delimitation is the general process of drawing boundaries, which need not be partisan.

A: further the interest of members

Associational interest groups are organized to further their members shared interests. Lobbying may be a method, but support for the government is not their necessary purpose.

C: are not allowed to be involved in partisan politics

Political neutrality requires civil servants to perform official duties impartially and avoid partisan activity incompatible with their office. It does not mean that they cannot vote or work with elected officials.

A: enhance efficiency in administration

Permanence preserves administrative experience, neutrality supports impartial service, and anonymity keeps official work focused on institutional responsibility. Together they support effective administration across changes of government.

D: Gwandu

Gwandu was the administrative centre for the western sector of the Sokoto Caliphate. The division of responsibilities placed the western emirates under Gwandu while Sokoto directed the eastern sector.

D: Queen of England.

At independence in 1960, Nigeria retained Queen Elizabeth II as its monarch, represented locally by the Governor-General. The prime minister was head of government.

C: regional legislatures

Residual legislative matters were left to the regions under the federal arrangement. Exclusive and concurrent lists identified central or shared powers, leaving unlisted matters to regional legislatures.

D: Supervisory councillor.

A supervisory councillor oversees a local-government service portfolio, broadly corresponding to a commissioner's portfolio at state level. The chairman heads the local executive as a whole.

C: Voters

INEC prepares and maintains the register of qualified voters. That register identifies eligible electors and is distinct from the delineation of constituencies.

B: National Defence Council

The National Defence Council advises the president on defence matters relating to sovereignty and territorial integrity. Its remit differs from the National Security Council's wider public-security concerns.

B: 12 to 19

The 1976 state-creation exercise increased Nigeria's states from twelve to nineteen. It occurred under Murtala Muhammed, before Obasanjo continued the administration after his death.

C: developing countries

South–South cooperation means cooperation among developing countries, often called the Global South. It is a developmental and political grouping rather than a strict Southern Hemisphere category.

B: General Murtala Mohammed

Nigeria recognized and supported the MPLA-led government of Angola during Murtala Muhammed's administration in 1975. This was part of its active policy toward Southern African liberation.

B: Chad

The OAU peacekeeping operation in Chad in 1981–1982 included Nigerian troops after the withdrawal of Libyan forces. It was a regional effort related to Chad's conflict rather than a mission in the other listed countries.

A: France

France publicly expressed support for Biafran self-determination during the Nigerian Civil War. Its statement of July 1968 distinguished its position from that of Britain, which supported the federal government.

C: failure to impose sanctions on South Africa

Nigeria joined the boycott of the 1986 Edinburgh Commonwealth Games over Britain’s refusal to impose comprehensive sanctions on apartheid South Africa. The protest concerned that policy rather than Rhodesia or Angola.

D: Nigeria's concern for decolonization in Africa

Murtala Muhammed's assertive stance on African liberation led Nigeria to oppose Western positions on issues such as Angola. The policy emphasized decolonization and African interests rather than automatic Western alignment.