JAMB Government 1994

C: governmental legitimacy

Legitimacy is the recognized justification for the exercise of political power. Without legitimacy, compliance obtained purely by coercion can be described as naked force.

B: respect for the constitution

Constitutionalism requires government to respect constitutional rules and limits. It concerns how power is exercised under those rules rather than merely promoting a constitutional document.

C: federal constitution

Switzerland is a federal state in which powers are divided between the Confederation and the cantons. Its historical name does not make its modern constitutional structure a confederation.

C: amendment procedure

The distinction concerns amendment procedure. A rigid constitution requires a special process, while a flexible constitution can be changed through the ordinary law-making procedure.

C: government based on the free consent of the governed

Democracy rests on the consent and participation of the governed. Constitutions and rights are important safeguards, but government based on freely expressed popular consent is the defining principle here.

D: capitalism

Capitalism allows private individuals and enterprises to own and control productive resources. The distinguishing feature is private ownership, rather than communal or state ownership.

A: enhance the functioning of government and prevent arbitrary use of power

Checks and balances allow institutions to limit one another and reduce arbitrary power. They support accountable government without forbidding all delegation or political participation.

C: parliamentary system of government

Parliamentary systems commonly allow dissolution so that voters can elect a new legislature. Presidential systems generally give the legislature an independent fixed term instead.

B: render good account of their activities

Accountability requires public officers to explain and justify their decisions and conduct. Financial records and asset declarations are particular mechanisms within that broader obligation.

A: primary election

A primary election allows members of a political party to select its candidates for a subsequent public election. It is distinct from the election that chooses the officeholder.

C: recall

Recall allows constituents to remove an elected representative before the normal end of the term. It is a mechanism of direct electoral accountability, distinct from an ordinary election at the end of a term.

B: interest aggregation

Political parties aggregate interests by combining different public demands into a programme for government. This allows them to offer voters a coordinated set of policies.

A: promote and protect the security of the nation

The armed forces defend national security, including sovereignty and territorial integrity. Protecting a particular office-holder or removing civilian politicians is not their defining constitutional purpose.

C: not established with specific statutes, public corporations are

A statutory public corporation is created by a specific enabling law that sets out its powers and duties. Ministries form part of the executive administration and can be organized through the constitutional powers of government.

B: capitalism

Privatization expands private ownership, while commercialization places greater emphasis on business revenue and costs. These policies strengthen market-oriented features associated with capitalism.

D: Akinola Aguda

Justice Akinola Aguda chaired the committee that recommended a new federal capital in the Abuja area. Its work informed the government's decision to relocate the capital from Lagos.

C: Nigerian businessmen who represent foreign interests

The term describes a domestic business class acting as agents or partners of foreign economic interests. It refers to local intermediaries, rather than foreign diplomats or simply all foreign business owners.

D: Russia

Ajaokuta's development involved Soviet technical cooperation and the Soviet firm Tiajpromexport, associated with Russia. Among the offered countries, Russia corresponds to that technical partnership.

D: Prof, Bolaji Akinyemi

Bolaji Akinyemi advocated the Concert of Medium Powers during his service as foreign minister. The initiative sought cooperation among influential states that were outside the superpower category.

B: Angola

Nigeria supported the MPLA-led government during Angola’s transition to independence and the conflict of 1975–1976. Angola became independent in November 1975, while the other listed liberation timelines were different.

B: Prof. Adebayo Adedeji

Adebayo Adedeji served as Executive Secretary of the UN Economic Commission for Africa from 1975 to 1991. His role concerned the regional commission rather than the Commonwealth secretariat.

A: assisted liberation struggles in Southern Africa

Nigeria was described as a frontline state because it assisted the liberation struggle in Southern Africa. Its contributions to peacekeeping in Liberia and Somalia were different activities.

A: determining the quantity of oil to be produced at any given period

Coordinating production quantities is OPEC's principal means of influencing supply and hence prices. Quotas concern how much oil is produced, while market demand and other producers also affect prices.

D: recognized right to exercise political power

Political authority is the recognized right to exercise power. Mere ability to obtain results or influence behaviour is power, which may exist without legitimacy or recognized entitlement.